Integer Quantum Hall Effect

The remarkable Integer Quantum Hall Effect is observed when a magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to a two dimensional conductor.

From: New Method for High-Accuracy Determination of the Fine-Structure Constant Based on Quantized Hall Resistance K. v. Klitzing, G. Dorda, and M. Pepper, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 494 (1980). http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v45/p494

• New Method for High-Accuracy Determination of the Fine-Structure Constant Based on Quantized Hall Resistance, K. v. Klitzing, G. Dorda, and M. Pepper, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 494 (1980).
• Quantized Hall conductivity in two dimensions, R. B. Laughlin, Phys. Rev. B 23, 5632–5633 (1981).